cathode vs fixed bias, is just the characteristic inherent to those designs.
Generally speaking, you check or set the bias in fixed bias amps, not in cathode biased (but it can be done to tweak the circuit - just not part of typical tube change service procedure).
What do the numbers 27/30 come from?
You measure something, then compare it to an intended target value, and adjust toward the target.
Where do the target values come from?
Plate dissipation in watts is the current through the tube (cathode to plate, not counting screen current) x the plate voltage, so each circuit will be different- based primarily on the plate voltage for that circuit design, and the variation in tolerance of the components.
It is based on the wattage the tube is rated for, 12w for EL84.
so, if the target is 70% or 8.4w, dividing that wattage by the plate voltage for that amp, will yield the current that should be flowing, which you measure by one of several methods.
The builder has done the above math for you and given you a test point and a target range to adjust to.
That number is a guideline, use your ears and watch the plates at higher settings.
I dont hear any difference +- 5% or so.
I may be off on explaining the math on the fly but the interaction between target wattage, circuit plate voltage and the current to obtain that wattage is the point.